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Digital Hate monthly report 23 November 2025

October 2025 - Digital Hate Monthly Report

Report on Hate Speech and Misinformation Found in Myanmar in October

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In this report
  1. Introduction
  2. Research Methodology
  3. Monitoring Observation
  4. Finding
  5. The figure illustrating types of hate speech
  6. The figure illustrating the number of hate speech targets
  7. Keywords used by hate speech writers
  8. Distribution by Platform
  9. Conclusion

1Introduction

The spread of hate speech and misinformation on social media and other communication channels in Myanmar increases ethnic, religious, and political tensions and can escalate conflicts within society. This report systematically monitors hate speech that occurred in Myanmar during October 2025, examining its main sources, dissemination patterns, vulnerable social groups, and potential impacts.

The study focuses on widely used social media platforms such as Facebook, TikTok, and Telegram, analyzing content related to incitement and violence, ethnically and religiously motivated insults, and intense political criticism. In addition, the report proposes legal, technological, and community-based measures to prevent and mitigate these hate speech incidents.

This report also highlights changes in hate speech in the context of Myanmar’s current political, economic, and social conditions. The information aims to serve as a reference for peacebuilders, media workers, policymakers, and civil society organizations.

2Research Methodology

Hate speech is defined as expressions arising from feelings of hatred. There is no universally agreed precise definition. For the purposes of this report, BHRN defines hate speech as:

The expression, written or spoken, in any form or medium, targeting an individual or group with harsh criticism, condemnation, desire to harm, or incitement to hatred; including discriminatory, demeaning, or hostile treatment based on their identity.

Hate speech in this study refers to speech that attacks individuals based on their religion, language, sex, sexual orientation, citizenship, ethnicity, skin color, race, beliefs, nationality, or physical appearance. The observed hate speech is categorized as follows:

  • Speech portraying individuals or groups as criminals.
  • Speech using superior, dominating, or insulting language.
  • Speech dehumanizing individuals.
  • Speech promoting violent acts or chaos.
  • Speech glorifying acts of violence or hate.

BHRN continuously monitors and documents the use of hate speech in media content disseminated by the military and its propaganda channels amid Myanmar’s current political and military tensions.

1Data Collection

Monitored Platforms: Facebook, TikTok, and Telegram channels.

Types of Content:

  • Hate speech related to ethnicity, religion, politics, and gender.
  • Content promoting violence and discriminatory treatment.
  • Misinformation and dangerous posts inciting hatred.

2Data Approach

Systematic Review (Manual Monitoring): Hate speech phrases, images, and videos identified by the monitoring team were carefully examined.

3Data Analysis

  • Categorization by content type: Grouped according to ethnicity, religion, politics, etc.
  • Measurement of spread: Engagement (Likes, Shares, Comments) and Reach on social media were tracked.
  • Identification of key actors: Organizations, individuals, and their influence in producing hate speech were analyzed.

4Ethical Considerations

  • Data Confidentiality: Collected information is securely stored and not disclosed to unrelated parties or the public.

5Limitations

  • Some online activity occurs on encrypted platforms, making monitoring difficult.
  • Fake accounts and bots complicate accurate estimation of real social impact.
  • It is not possible to monitor all social media comprehensively.

3Monitoring Observation

This report was compiled through monitoring online and print media used by the military government and its supporters to spread hate speech. Specifically, in October 2025, BHRN observed the following:

  • On Facebook: monitoring 3 groups, 1 page, and 13 accounts, 37 instances of hate speech were detected.
  • On Telegram: monitoring 24 channels, 52 instances of hate speech were detected.
  • On TikTok: monitoring 24 accounts, 13 instances of hate speech were detected.

For print media monitoring, 2 newspapers and 1 journal were observed. During October, the monitoring recorded 102 instances of false news and hate speech. The results will be presented using tables, graphs, and explanatory texts. The main causes, impacts, and methods to prevent hate speech will also be outlined with recommendations. It should be noted that due to numerous limitations in conducting comprehensive monitoring of all social media, some instances of hate speech may not have been recorded.

Key Findings

1Targeted Groups

  • Rohingya: Subjected to ethnic harassment with false accusations such as “illegal immigrants from Bangladesh” and “terrorists.”
  • Muslims: Portrayed as criminals with labels like “Kalar,” “terrorist,” and “non-pork eaters,” accompanied by derogatory religiously motivated language.
  • Women revolutionaries: Targeted with sexual harassment, exposure of personal information, and accusations that undermine their dignity.
  • PDF and ethnic armed groups: Labeled as “terrorists,” “murderers, bombers, arsonists,” and derogatory terms like “Kha War (dogs)” to incite societal hatred.

2Methods of Disseminating Hate Speech and Misinformation

  • On social media platforms (Facebook, TikTok, Telegram), hate speech targeting Muslims and Rohingya is disseminated through posts, videos, and cartoons addressing ethnicity, religion, and politics.
  • Members of the Rakhine armed group AA and PDF fighting for the revolution are depicted as drug gang members, terrorists, and rapists, spreading hate speech portraying them as criminals.
  • Misinformation is circulated to create public suspicion and distrust.

3Impacts

  • Increased public hatred toward AA and PDF members among civilians.
  • Threats to the safety and dignity of women, and harassment of activists both online and offline.
  • Growth of ethnic and religious hatred, obstructing peacebuilding and hindering democratic transitions.

4Finding

Hate Speech Targeting Muslims

Muslims are those who follow the teachings of the Holy Qur’an. Since the Holy Scripture prohibits the consumption of pork, nationalist extremists often mock Muslims by teasing them for not eating pork. The Facebook account “Thar Gi” also ridiculed Muslims in the same way, referring to them as people who do not eat pork. In addition, its post portrayed Muslims as violent individuals.

Original Post

See the translation of the attached link below the conclusion (1)

In April 2025, during the Burmese New Year period, the military council allocated land plots to people of various religions. Nationalist extremists strongly opposed the construction activities carried out by Muslims on the allotted land. The Facebook account “Hero Nay Gyi” mentioned this issue using mocking and sarcastic language. It was also observed that writings claiming that national leaders were favoring Muslims were shared in a way that incited hatred toward a particular religion.

Original Post

See the translation of the attached link below the conclusion (2)

Finding

An ultra-nationalist named MaPutu initiated a campaign calling for the closure of mosques across the country. She spread this message through her personal Telegram channel named “Mahar Thway,” urging the authorities to shut down mosques that she claimed were operating illegally and to expel Muslims from the country. Her writings were found to contain threats and intimidating language.

Original Post

See the translation of the attached link below the conclusion (3)

Finding

The Facebook account “Yoe Ma” spread hate speech by referring to ongoing events in England and claiming that Muslims are destroying the world. In the posts, it was stated that Muslims around the world are committing acts of genocide, particularly targeting and killing Buddhists. These writings clearly portrayed Muslims as violent individuals.

Original Post

See the translation of the attached link below the conclusion (4)

Finding
Finding

Hate Speech Targeting Rohingya Community

Myanmar’s western gate issue remains unresolved to this day. In Myanmar’s political landscape, this issue continues to be one of the most commonly used topics for spreading hate speech. On the Facebook account “Aung Naing Soe,” this issue was highlighted, and additional hate speech was disseminated. In the posts, Muslims in Rakhine State were labeled as illegal infiltrators, portrayed as a danger to Myanmar, and depicted as violent individuals.

Original Post

See the translation of the attached link below the conclusion (5)

Finding

The Facebook account “U Myo Chit Bamar” spread hate speech claiming that those who granted Rohingya full legal permission to live in northern Rakhine State are traitors to the nation. In the posts, mocking and sarcastic language was used, along with wording that portrayed the Rohingya as violent individuals. These expressions encouraged hatred toward an entire ethnic group.

Original Post

See the translation of the attached link below the conclusion (6)

Finding

The TikTok account “Kyaw Thiha” circulated hate speech claiming that the Rohingya had illegally entered Rakhine State and were planning to take over the land through population growth. The account reshared a video of an ultra-nationalist who stated that Myanmar was becoming “a Bengali country,” and urged viewers to share the video if they did not want Buddhism to disappear.

Original Post

See the translation of the attached link below the conclusion (7)

Finding

Successive governments throughout history have not officially recognized Muslims in northern Rakhine State as “Rohingya.” Ultra-nationalists have used this narrative to spread hate speech against the Rohingya. The Facebook page “AKTV” also reshared the hate speech of a Myanmar worker in Korea who spoke against the Rohingya. In his statements, the Myanmar worker said that if one truly loves Myanmar, they should not use the term “Rohingya,” and in doing so, he portrayed the Rohingya as violent people.

Original Post

See the translation of the attached link below the conclusion (8)

Hate Speech Targeting Anti-Junta Armed Resistance Groups

Khit Thit Media reported that an artillery shell fired by the military exploded inside Aung Myay Chan Myay Monastery in Shwebo, resulting in the deaths of three children and injuries to seven others. However, a pro-military propaganda Telegram channel, Sit Thway, claimed that the deaths were caused by PDF forces firing short-range rockets at Aung Myay Chan Myay Monastery. It further stated that PDFs attack and burn monasteries and kill monks, describing them as fearless, hell-bound terrorists. In these statements, the PDFs were portrayed as perpetrators who kill monks who are highly revered in Buddhism and as criminals destroying monasteries and the Buddhist religion. Hate speech framing PDFs as religious desecrators and violent extremists was included in the post.

Original Post

See the translation of the attached link below the conclusion (9)

Finding

A video released by a PDF group criticizing the NUG was reshared by the pro-military propaganda Telegram channel “Ka Ka Han.” It was reposted with a caption claiming that the criticism came from “rapist PDFs” who are committing abuses, and referring to the NUG as a “gang of thieves.” In this post, hate speech was used by labeling the NUG government as thieves and the PDFs as rapists, depicting them as criminals.

Original Post

See the translation of the attached link below the conclusion (10)

A cartoon depicting people protesting against the PDFs was drawn by the pro-military propaganda cartoonist “Cartoon Ma Ga” and distributed on his Telegram channel. In the cartoon, the protestors’ placards included phrases such as “We don’t want killer PDFs,” “Down with rapist terrorists,” and “We don’t want child-raping PDFs,” among others. The cartoon also portrayed a PDF member sexually harassing a woman. This cartoon contained hate speech portraying the PDFs as criminals, depicting them as murderers, rapists, and violent offenders.

Original Post

See the translation of the attached link below the conclusion (11)

Finding

During the Nat Yay Kan battle between the AA and the military, pro-military propaganda Telegram channel “Thazin Oo” posted photos claiming they were bodies of AA members killed and cleared by the military. In the post, AA members were referred to as “they were crushed and wiped out by the army, these are the drug-addicted ‘Kha War’ AA.” In this description, the AA group was dehumanized by calling them “Kha War dogs,” comparing them to animals and degrading them with hate speech.

Original Post

See the translation of the attached link below the conclusion (12)

Finding

Hate Speech Targeting Women

In Myanmar, hate speech against women often includes attacks related to dignity and sexually demeaning insults. During the anti-coup revolution, political hate speech targeting women who sought refuge among armed resistance groups became increasingly widespread. On the Thazin Oo Telegram channel, female members of the People’s Defense Forces were described in a way that portrayed them as sex slaves, and their parents were also insulted as unintelligent. The posts also contained mocking and degrading expressions directed at female PDF members.

Original Post

See the translation of the attached link below the conclusion (13)

The Telegram channel “Ka Ka Han” was found spreading hate speech by presenting false information and portraying women as sex slaves. In its posts, it was claimed that female members of the People’s Defense Forces were being treated as the personal attendants of PDF leaders. It also mocked them with degrading language, accusing them of undergoing unwanted abortions and attacking their dignity as women.

Original Post

See the translation of the attached link below the conclusion (14)

The Telegram channel “Ka Ka Han” further encouraged intervention, claiming that female members of the People’s Defense Forces in the forest fighting for the revolution were subjected to immoral acts by armed leaders. The posts contained false information aimed at discrediting the revolution and included language that mocked and degraded the dignity of female PDF members.

Original Post

See the translation of the attached link below the conclusion (15)

Finding

5The figure illustrating types of hate speech

The figure illustrating types of hate speech

6The figure illustrating the number of hate speech targets

The figure illustrating the number of hate speech targets

7Keywords used by hate speech writers

Keywords used by hate speech writers

8Distribution by Platform

Distribution by Platform

9Conclusion

After seizing power, the military council held elections to gain legal legitimacy and consolidate control over the entire country. However, in regions without security and stability, elections could not be conducted, making it impossible to expect positive outcomes. As a result, the elections were internationally regarded as flawed and unrepresentative.

During Myanmar’s election periods, the spread of political and ethnic hate speech increased. Politically, hate speech was used to undermine the anti-dictatorship revolution, while ethnically, it aimed to assert the protection of their religion. Consequently, hate speech targeting Muslims and Rohingya also rose. The hate speech often employed mocking and sarcastic language, portrayed the targeted groups as violent extremists, and used dehumanizing expressions to demean them.

The posts below are hate speech documented by BHRN. They are translated here only as evidence for this report.

Translation (1)

Some people even to invite them by giving them land

(Text in photo) Non-pork eaters shall do Jihad in situations where they are 100 and we are 200.

Translation (2)

Naypyidaw Administration blocks Villagers in Thitsim Pin Village.

One of the news agencies broadcasted a video in which an interview with Sayadaw U Thu Ma Na was shown, and the people of Thitsim Pin were even more indignant with the actions of the Naypyidaw administration after watching this video. The land is an urban planning project which has not been done within the last ten years. The villagers had already demanded the returning of their land and they had even gone to the monks and made appeals on their behalf. Nonetheless, then, the Naypyidaw government did not give the land in the hands of the villagers but handed it over to the Muthukula (Muslim). The villagers also got to know that the Naypyidaw regime had given the officials and the Muthukula people the permission to survey the land parcels. At this point, reserving this land to the Muthukula is seen as the administration being biased towards them. The villagers question the reason they cannot take back their land because of the stagnation of urban planning development yet the Muthukula people get the land. In the video where Sayadaw U Pa Mawk spoke on the matter of protesting and signing petitions on the issue, he quoted the slogan of Law Wa: If the land is plundered, the ethnicity will not perish; if the people are plundered, the ethnicity will perish. Being a very anxious citizen, I wish to say a few things, Your Reverence. In the event that the ethnicity is indeed hurt, then the officials must have the mandate and the authority to control the land and manage it in such a way that it is misused. This saying of Law Wa merely says If the land is ransomed, the ethnicity will not be destroyed if the people ransomed, the ethnicity will be destroyed but is it not what happens when registration documents are sold to invaders with money? Sayadaw U Thu Ma Na made it clear that there are two access roads to Thitsim Pin village. When are there two village gates that are closed, is this not too much? The water canal beneath the road has been retained, yet the waters are destroyed by the Muthukula community who are in the process of rebuilding them. How was this allowed? What loopholes exist? The aggressive and opportunistic nature of the Muthukua community and the fact that the Naypyidaw government needs no invitations to provide them with land is worrying. The history of Naypyidaw has become violent as Sayadaw U Panya said.

Translation (3)

Shut down all the illegal mosques and expel all the Muslims from the country.

Translation (4)

The World Destroyed by the Muslim Extremists?

There are reports of exclusion of non-Muslims in London, such as Christians and the English, and tensions are rising in Yashin. One time, the English had huge empires under their belt. What would they do now? Fanatical Muslims who are in support of Hamas and Palestine demonstrate on a daily basis, and the British police are busy 24 hours a day. In the meantime, Muslims are also supposed to be unleashing attacks to expel the synagogues of Jews from the land. Will England be a Muslim nation in the decade to come? In the past, prior to India receiving independence, Britain had assigned Pakistan as a Muslim state, and this is the reason Gandhi was the target. Muslims in Bangladesh have also been reported to engage in ethnic violence against the minorities of Buddhists and Hindus, burning down villages and religious establishments. The UN is alleged to be funding these extremists. Among the extremist groups is ARSA, which the authorities are accused of using as a weapon against the minority Buddhists in a bloody manner. Muslims in Italy are also accused of storming the shops and the houses of Italians, claiming that the government is not on the side of Palestine. In Japan, Muslims make demonstrations asking to turn away illegal immigrants. Muslim influence is something feared by the Irish Christians as they are opposed to it. These are incidents that are sweeping all over the world, to the alarm of Christians and Buddhists.

In the Netherlands, the natives are protesting against the immigration of migrants by insisting on the cessation of their settlement. Muslims are also known to raise ISIS flags and promote Sharia law. In Denmark, Muslims insist on the Sharia, which opposes laws that deny women the right to cover their heads. Israel has also reacted to Hamas/ISIS attacks, as Gaza is in bitter conflict, whereas some ethnic groups are allied with Israel, demanding the annihilation of Muslim extremists. In Syria, ISIS is said to perpetrate genocide against non-Muslim minorities. In Nigeria, Muslims are reported to raid Christian villages, burn houses, kill and sexually abduct young women. Leaders in Buddhist and Christian nations across the world have to be ready to face forthcoming threats. At present, there is only a single extremist (Netanya) that is actively assaulting the Muslims. When the U.S, England and France also come in to attack the Muslims, other nations could join in and may end up uprooting the Muslims and causing the destabilization of the world. Who will take care of our future, our religion, our water and our land?

Translation (5)

The illegal immigrant Bengalis are now a danger to Myanmar.

Translation (6)

The successive governments that ruled the country and Rakhine state since 1962 had issued citizen cards and allowed illegal foreigners, evil Kalar to live in the country. These governments are the traitors of the country. Moreover, illegal immigrants from Bangladesh were using the name Rohingya after coming into this country.

Translation (7)

Share it a lot if you do not want your pagoda to disappear. This is no more Myanmar, but a Bengali country.

Translation (8)

Show your love to the country by calling Bengali as Bengali only.

Translation (9)

At Aung Myae Chan Myae Monastery in Shwebo, the PDF terrorists attacked on October 2 with short-range rockets, resulting in the deaths of three novices and injuries to seven others. The media is trying to cover up and distort the fact that the PDFs carried out this cowardly attack on the monastery, pretending it was something else. Everyone already knows that the PDFs, who fear neither the saṅgha nor hell, have been attacking, burning, and destroying monasteries and killing monks and members of the sangha.

Translation (10)

Rapists criticized NUG thieves.

Translation (11)

The PDF/‘Pa-thone-lone’ terrorist monsters who are committing killings and rapes no longer deserve to exist in the human world, so they must be given the death penalty. And in order to carry out the death penalty, local residents must quickly come together and take action.

Translation (12)

15-10-2025, 1:13 PM, at a distance of 600 meters from Nat Ye Kan, the drug-addicted AA militants were eliminated and cleared by the military as follows: 11 bodies of AA terrorist militants. 16 guns were seized.

Proud, proud of our soldiers.

Translation (13)

These prostitutes, do they even have day and night in their lives? Their parents, those ‘Nipain (referring to those who support NLD)’ are so lacking in intelligence. Some people say Myanmar is cursed with natural resources, but a scholar has rejected this claim. From his point of view, he says the country is actually cursed with a lack of education and low intelligence.

Translation (14)

In Salin Township, a PaLaPha terrorist member named Ye Min, a lustful, deranged extremist, reportedly threatened and forcefully restrained two female members of the group and repeatedly raped them against their will. Incidents like this are not happening only in this group. In other PDF/PaPaPa terrorist groups as well, so-called PDF leaders treat their female members like sex slaves, threatening them, abusing them, and raping them. That is why there are many pregnant PDF women and many PDF women who have had abortions.

Translation (15)

The female PDF members who went into the jungle saying they would join the revolution are now not engaging in revolution but are instead becoming victims being raped. KNLA terrorist leaders threaten and rape the PDF women, and the male PDF members also threaten and rape them. If people don’t realize this, the PDF women are basically living as sex slaves. And if they continue to remain ignorant and in the dark, they will end up being raped again.

About BHRN

Burma Human Rights Network (BHRN) is based in London, operates across Burma/Myanmar and works for human rights, minority rights and religious freedom in Burma. BHRN has played a crucial role in advocating for human rights and religious freedom with politicians and world leaders.

Media enquiries

Kyaw WinExecutive DirectorBurma Human Rights Network (BHRN)This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.+44(0) 740 345 2378
Ye MinEditorThis email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.+66(0) 994 942 358
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